The original text is published in the Journal of China Agricultural University (SOCIAL SCIENCES EDITION), No. 2, 2020.
Brief introduction to the author: Zhang Hui, male, born in 1993, doctoral candidate of southwest frontier ethnic minority research center of Yunnan University. The research direction is environmental anthropology.
Abstract: the increasing environmental problems promote the formation of modern environmental consciousness and make people rethink the relationship between human, society and nature. The study of environmental awareness in academic circles focuses on the level of environmental awareness of different groups, ignoring the social and cultural impact of the formation of environmental awareness. This paper takes the forestry development of Diqing, Yunnan Province as the research object to discuss how the formation of environmental awareness can promote the local reconstruction. All kinds of ecological problems brought about by forestry exploitation in Diqing area, Yunnan Province, promote the formation of local environmental discourse system and its derivative modern environmental consciousness, and then urge the local people to rethink the topic of "who we are and where we are", which starts the reconstruction of local consciousness by local residents. Key words: environmental awareness local forestry development in Diqing
1、 Since the 1980s, China's social economy has made great strides, its comprehensive national strength has been significantly improved, and people's living standards have been constantly improved. But at the same time, China's environmental situation is also deteriorating, water pollution, forest destruction, grassland degradation and other types of environmental problems have entered the outbreak period. Facing the increasing environmental problems, the public's environmental awareness began to be awakened and gradually strengthened. Environmental awareness is regarded as an important symbol of the progress of human civilization in today's society. Since the 1970s and 1980s, under the influence of the environmental protection movement, the environmental awareness of the public in China has been significantly improved, and the academic community has also started the research on environmental awareness. Environmental awareness can be divided into narrow sense and broad sense. The broad sense of environmental awareness "refers to the integration of the theory, thought, emotion, will and other consciousness elements and concept forms of understanding the relationship between human and nature based on the dependence of human social and economic development on the environment and the restrictive effect of environment on human beings"; while the narrow sense of environmental awareness is sometimes simplified to specifically refer to environmental protection awareness. As a thought and concept, environmental consciousness has a long history as human beings' conscious transformation of the environment. At least in ancient Rome, ancient Greece and ancient China, environmental consciousness has sprouted. But the modern sense of environmental awareness really came into being in the 20th century, especially after environmental problems become a worldwide problem. The study of environmental awareness in academia involves many theoretical aspects, including ethics, philosophy, culturology, psychology and other fields. For example, Yu Muchang pointed out from the perspective of ecological philosophy that environmental awareness is the reflection of human beings on the specific objective existence of ecological environment. In recent years, domestic academic circles have carried out many empirical studies on environmental awareness. For example, based on the sampling survey data of urban residents in 2003, Hong Dayu analyzed the environmental awareness of urban residents in China. The results show that the level of environmental awareness of urban residents is related to their gender, age, education level, income level, residence and other factors. Song Yanqi, on the other hand, analyzed the environmental awareness of the farmers in the developed coastal areas by means of a questionnaire survey. The results showed that there were deviations among the degree of mastering environmental knowledge, the active degree of environmental attitude and the consciousness degree of environmental behavior of the farmers in the developed coastal areas. Although the academic circles have made a lot of pioneering researches on environmental awareness from both theoretical and empirical aspects, these researches mainly focus on the formation process of environmental awareness and people's behavior and performance of environmental awareness, and to some extent neglect the research on the impact of modern environmental awareness on social culture. The rise of modern environmental awareness will have a profound impact on the development of contemporary social culture, including the reconstruction of local society. Under the background of "space turn" in social science research, locality has gradually transformed from a simple geographical concept to a space concept, which is manifested in people's perception and practice of specific space ecology, economy, culture, etc. The existence of local society is based on people's experience of local in daily life. It is also an integral part of people's "existence" and subjectivity construction process. At the same time, the expression of "who we are and where we are" also links local production and ethnic identity construction. Therefore, people tend to construct a special cultural meaning from the subjective level in a specific place, resulting in strong emotional attachment. Based on the above discussion, this paper takes the forestry development in the second half of the 20th century in Diqing area of Yunnan Province as the research object to discuss the environmental awareness formed after the development of forest resources and the destruction of ecological environment, and how to influence and reconstruct the local perception and recognition of Diqing people. 2、 Diqing is located at the junction of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, the southeast edge of Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the hinterland of Hengduan Mountains. The geographical location is 98 ° 35 ′ - 100 ° 19 ′ E and 26 ° 52 ′ - 29 ° 16 ′ n. With a total area of 23870 square kilometers, the Nushan mountain range, Yunling mountain range and Zhongdian snow mountain range run through the territory. The Nujiang River, Jinsha River and Lancang River flow southward, forming a complex geographical landform in Diqing area. Diqing is rich in forest resources, and its concentrated sub alpine areas mainly refer to the whole Zhongdian plateau with an altitude of more than 3000m, Baima Snow Mountain, Meili Snow Mountain below the snow line and the middle and upper part of Weixi Biluo snow mountain in Deqin County. This area is also the main forest area in Diqing Prefecture. These forest areas have basically formed different levels of nature reserves. This forest area belongs to the southwest Sichuan and Northwest Yunnan Alpine coniferous forest area in the forest belt of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in the mountain forest division system of China, also known as the middle reaches of the Jinsha River forest area. It is one of the key forest areas in Yunnan Province, and it is also the high accumulation forest area in the southwest forest area. The survey data of forest resources during the Eighth Five Year Plan period show that the whole prefecture has 1.812 million hectares of forest land, 943000 hectares of forest land, of which 46.65% is forest land and shrub land, and the total forest volume is 226.8 million M?. The per capita forest area of the whole Prefecture is 5.4 hectares, and the volume of living trees is 862 m?, which are 10 times and 26 times higher than that of the whole province. Human survival and social development are inseparable from its surrounding objective environment. Abundant forest resources naturally become an important basis for economic modernization in Diqing area. Since modern times, the development of forest resources in Diqing has always been the vision of governments at all levels. For example, in 1937, the Department of construction of Yunnan Province ordered the Zhongdian county government to survey the forestry resources in the territory. During 1940-1946, the investigation team led by the Ministry of agriculture and forestry of the Republic of China entered the Diqing area for several times to investigate the forestry resources, and calculated that the total forest area of Deqin, Zhongdian and Weixi counties was 500.73 million mu. However, limited to the transportation, technology, capital and the complex political environment and multi-ethnic characteristics of Diqing area at that time, the forestry industry was not really developed in the period of the Republic of China. In the second half of the 20th century, with the development and changes of China's politics, economy and society, the factors that traditionally restricted the exploitation of forest resources in this area have been weakened or eliminated, and large-scale commercial logging is inevitable. It has become the basis of the industrial chain of forestry development in Diqing since the 1950s as the three factors of resource demand, transportation and forest right restricting forestry exploitation. The demand for resources is mainly reflected in the demand for wood raw materials in the early stage of deforestation and reclamation, as well as in the later stage of commercial exploitation and supply industry development; the transportation is reflected in the national highway 214 and its attached forest roads, which together form a dense modern wood resource transportation network, so as to quickly transport the timber out of the forest area; the forest right is reflected in the replacement of the old forest right system by the new forest right system In terms of reform, local society and people are no longer directly involved in forestry management. For example, before the 1950s, the forestry property rights in Diqing were mainly private. Most of the forest property rights were controlled by local religious organizations, traditional regimes and a few rich people. For example, Wang chieftain of Weixi County regards the large mountain forest around Yezhi as existing. When hunters of Lisu nationality hunt animals in the mountain forest, they need to pay the skin or meat of their prey to the Wang family. In addition to the chieftain, many religious temples in Diqing also have a large number of forests. Without their permission and consent, it is difficult for villagers from other places to enter the forest area. Due to the complexity of forest right system and the influence of uncontrollable factors such as politics and religion, it is difficult to carry out the commercial development of forest resources. After the 1950s, with the reform of the new forest right system, the traditional private forest management and utilization system in Diqing area has been broken. For example, Deqin County, after 162 days of forest right division, finally determined the division results on June 10, 1962: the state-owned mountain forest area is 3652400 mu, accounting for 89.6%; the collective forest area is 423940 mu, accounting for 10.4%; the mountain forest area of the whole county is 4076340 mu. After the reform of forest property rights has nationalized most of the forests, the forest protection and cultivation are managed vertically by the state, the felling policy is implemented by the state and the collective, and the villagers and their traditional forest management system are excluded. On the one hand, this change laid the foundation for the later commercial development, and the large-scale commercial exploitation will no longer be bound by the old property right system; on the other hand, the government led commercial harvesting behavior is considered by the villagers in the forest region that its reckless mining method is not related to the villagers, which easily avoids the moral responsibility given to the villagers by the traditional concept, and at the same time, it is also distributed by the interests in the later period And the root cause of the conflict. In the second half of the 20th century, the consumption of forest resources in Diqing area increased rapidly. The rate of deforestation increased year by year and reached its peak in the mid-1980s, which was far faster than the rate of forest regeneration. The cutting method has changed from the early selective cutting (the cutting of mature and high-quality trees) to the later "shaved head" cutting (all cutting regardless of size). Deforestation, land digging and commercial logging are several important factors that cause the rapid increase of forest resource consumption in Diqing area in a short period of time. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, with the situation in Diqing area becoming more peaceful and productivity gradually recovering, its population growth rate also increased rapidly. In order to meet the basic living needs of residents and complete the national policy of "preparing for war and famine" put forward by the central government, Diqing area actively implemented the plan of deforestation and famine relief under the guidance of the government, and a large number of low and medium altitude forest areas, grasslands and slopes were manned Develop land for food production. The data shows that in 1957, the land department counted the arable land area in Diqing area as about 500000 mu, while in 1961, the arable land area reached as much as 1 million mu. Within a few years, the arable land area increased by nearly 500000 mu, with an average of nearly 100000 mu per year. [11] Most of the new cultivated land comes from deforestation. Since the 1970s, with the development of productivity and the increasing demand of economic construction for wood resources, Diqing region has established relevant forest industry enterprises to be responsible for the commercial exploitation of forests. These forest industry enterprises are collectively owned and belong to the heads of forestry departments at all levels. Governments at all levels assign the amount of timber cutting to forest industry enterprises in the form of authorized cutting certificates The latter is then allocated to logging units in different forest areas, while the villages in the forest areas are