Wen / Yang Minli (director of China Agricultural Mechanization Development Research Center, China Agricultural University)
"The 14th five year plan" is the first five years for China to strive to achieve the strategic goal of "basic realization of agricultural and rural modernization" in 2035 after building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. The new situation, new tasks and new demands put forward higher requirements for agricultural mechanization. It is of great significance to have a deep understanding of the relationship between agricultural mechanization and agricultural and rural modernization in the new era, to analyze the major challenges faced by agricultural mechanization and the urgent problems to be solved, and to give a better play to the supporting role of Agricultural Mechanization in agricultural and rural modernization and Rural Revitalization goals.
1、 Deeply understand the relationship between agricultural mechanization and rural modernization in the new era
Chairman Mao pointed out that "the fundamental way out for agriculture is mechanization". General secretary Xi Jinping stressed, "vigorously promote agricultural mechanization and intelligence, and plug the wings of science and technology for agricultural modernization." In 2019, the comprehensive mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest in China has reached 70%, and the three main grains of wheat, rice and corn have basically realized mechanization, which is accelerating the overall mechanization of agricultural industries, and mechanization plays an important role in the process of agricultural and rural modernization in China.
（1） To provide a strong material and equipment guarantee for food security and effective supply of agricultural products. Under the condition of large-scale transfer of agricultural labor force, the comprehensive mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest in China has increased from 33.5% in 2003 to 70% in 2019 (see Figure 1). The annual total grain output has increased from 861 million Jin in 2003 to 1.328 billion jin in 2019 (see Figure 2). The population of China has increased from 1.288 billion in 2003 to 1.4 billion at present. Without the development of agricultural mechanization, it is very difficult to support So many people live. The mechanization of livestock and poultry breeding, aquaculture, primary processing of agricultural products, facility agriculture, fruit, vegetable and tea industries also developed rapidly.
Figure 1 change of comprehensive mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest in China from 2003 to 2019
Figure 2 change of annual total grain output in China from 2003 to 2019
（2） It has promoted the development of urbanization and the transfer of agricultural labor force. According to relevant research, from 2003 to 2018, for every 1% increase in the comprehensive mechanization level of crop cultivation and income, the urbanization rate increased by 0.53%, and the proportion of employees in the primary industry in the whole society decreased by 0.64% (see Figure 3). The development of agricultural mechanization makes more people engage in other important work, promotes the division of labor of social production, promotes the development of industry and tertiary industry, and promotes the prosperity of national economy.
Figure 3 changes in the comprehensive mechanization rate, urbanization rate and the proportion of the first industry personnel in the whole society in 2003-2019
（3） Promote the industrial development of poverty-stricken areas to help them get rid of poverty and become rich. The agricultural machinery industry has been actively engaged in poverty alleviation and organized to donate agricultural machinery and expert guidance. In poor counties such as Xuanhan County in Sichuan Province and Lancang County in Yunnan Province, the "centralized land management and planting + full mechanization of field production + postpartum processing → increasing product added value + brand building + E-commerce (online and offline sales network) → promoting industrial development" has taken mechanization as the starting point The typical mode of driving the industrial development in Hilly and mountainous areas to get rid of poverty and become rich has effectively driven the local poor households and industrial development.
International experience has also proved that agricultural mechanization is the first condition of agricultural and rural modernization. Without agricultural mechanization, there will be no national agricultural and rural modernization, which is the inevitable law of development. Generally, developed countries will realize full mechanization 10-15 years after basically realizing agricultural mechanization, and then realize agricultural modernization. At the end of the 20th century, the American Engineering and technology circles rated "agricultural mechanization" as one of the 20 engineering technologies that greatly promoted the progress of human society in the 20th century, ranking 7th (computer ranked 8th at that time). This evaluation is based on the fundamental change of agricultural production mode caused by the wide application of agricultural machinery in agricultural production in the past 100 years, which greatly improves agricultural labor productivity and effectively guarantees the world's agricultural development and food safety.
According to the strategic goal of basically realizing agricultural and rural modernization in 2035 put forward in the strategic plan for Rural Revitalization (2018-2022), China must realize the overall mechanization of agriculture in 2035, so as to provide material equipment and technical support for consolidating the key achievements of poverty alleviation, enhancing the "hematopoietic function" of poverty alleviation areas, and realizing the objectives of agricultural and rural modernization and Rural Revitalization. In the process of agricultural modernization and rural revitalization, the role of agricultural mechanization is more and more obvious, the demand is more and more urgent, and the development environment is more and more favorable.
2、 The great challenge of Agricultural Mechanization in the 14th five year plan
The central government has always attached great importance to agricultural mechanization. No. 1 central document has been accelerating the development of Agricultural Mechanization in recent years. In 2004, the law on the promotion of agricultural mechanization was promulgated and implemented. The policies of purchase subsidy for agricultural machinery and subsidy for deep loosening operation of agricultural machinery were successively issued, which greatly aroused the enthusiasm of farmers to purchase and use agricultural machinery. With the rapid development of agricultural mechanization, agricultural production has entered a new stage with mechanized operation as the main task, and the demand for agricultural machinery has exploded in an all-round way. However, there are still some problems in the development of agricultural mechanization and agricultural machinery and equipment industry. Therefore, in 2018, the State Council issued the guidance on accelerating the transformation and upgrading of agricultural mechanization and agricultural machinery and equipment industry (referred to as "Guo Fa No.42 document"), which made a comprehensive deployment for the development of agricultural mechanization and required to promote the transformation of agricultural machinery and equipment industry to high-quality development and promote the transformation Agricultural mechanization has been upgraded to full range, high quality and high efficiency.
According to the development goal of Agricultural Mechanization in 2025 put forward in No. 42 document of the State Council, there are still some weak links, weak industries and weak areas of mechanization. By the end of 2018, in terms of weak links, the mechanization rate of potato planting and harvesting was only about 25%, that of cotton picking was only 41%, that of rape planting and harvesting was only 30% and 40%, that of peanut harvesting was only 45%, that of sugarcane harvesting was less than 5%, that of plant protection was less than 45%, and that of deep application of chemical fertilizer and drying of grain producing areas was less than 25% In terms of weak industries, the comprehensive mechanization rate of aquaculture, animal husbandry, primary processing of agricultural products and facility agriculture is only 29%, 33%, 36% and 36% respectively, and that of fruit and tea is only 25% and 28% respectively; in terms of weak areas, the mechanization level of hilly and mountainous areas, especially the Southwest Hilly and mountainous areas, is not high, and there are 8 hilly and mountainous provinces with comprehensive mechanization of crop cultivation and harvest The rate is less than 50%, less than 30% in two Southwest Hilly and mountainous provinces, and even lower in some hilly and mountainous counties. There is a big gap between the mechanization rate and the target of these weak links, weak industries and weak regions, which is not only the difficulty of agricultural mechanization development, but also the major challenge of Agricultural Mechanization Development in the 14th five year plan. To overcome these difficulties and meet these challenges, we must face up to the following urgent problems.
（1） Agricultural machinery science and technology innovation ability is not strong. The basic research is weak, the combination of machinery and technology is not close, the original scientific and technological achievements are few, the self-sufficiency rate of key technologies is low, some basic theories and key generic technology research are still in the early stage of industrialization development, the situation of being controlled by people has not been fundamentally changed, there are many short boards and weak links to be broken, especially the high-end and large-scale agricultural machinery and equipment are basically occupied by foreign brands; enterprise technology The technological innovation ability is weak, the main position is not really established, the combination of production, teaching, research and application is not close enough, the efficiency of research and development and achievement transformation is not high; the role of scientific and technological credit system and rights protection mechanism is not fully played, and the enthusiasm and creativity of scientific and technological personnel have not been fully played; the agricultural machinery product creation "focuses on design and manufacturing, but less on test and detection", the quality standard system is not matched and Engineering Lack of verification, etc.
（2） The effective supply of some agricultural machinery and equipment is insufficient. The overcapacity of agricultural machinery coexists with the lack of door and stop, there are not many middle and high-end products, the adaptability and reliability of machines and tools need to be improved, and the pressure of environmental protection is great. In some industrial areas and some production links, there are still "inorganic available" and "no good machine", which is also the main reason for the low level of mechanization in some weak links, weak industries and weak regions. The contradiction of "inadequate supply and demand" began to appear. Traditional and bulk agricultural machinery products have excess capacity, demand has declined, and it is difficult to sell in varying degrees. Products in emerging and blank fields have created "insufficient supply and demand". The structure of agricultural machinery industry was adjusted and the growth rate decreased.
（3） The combination of agricultural machinery and technology is not close enough. Some industrial varieties, cultivation, farming techniques, cultivation methods, postpartum processing, farmland transformation, supporting facilities, etc., all have problems of "appropriate mechanization", that is, not only planting industry, but also farming industry needs combination of agricultural machinery and Agronomy; not only farmland renovation needs to achieve "appropriate mechanization", but also cultivation scale, cultivation methods, cultivation varieties, etc. At present, the varieties, breeding methods and mechanized production in the actual production are not coordinated, which restricts the research and development, popularization and application of agricultural machinery, and the efficiency and efficiency of operation. The integrated mechanized production system and system solutions can not meet the needs of actual production.
（4） The infrastructure construction of agricultural machinery operation lags behind. In many places, especially in Hilly and mountainous areas, the fields are relatively small, the roads for machine farming are lack, and the planting and management are scattered, which makes it difficult for agricultural machinery to go to the fields and work, and there are problems of "organic difficulty". Some of the constructed high-level farmland construction did not meet the requirements of "suitable mechanization", some did not design the ramp for agricultural machinery to go down the field, and the height difference between the tractor road and the field block was more than 60 cm; some drainage design was unreasonable, and the drainage ditch was higher than the field block, which made it difficult to effectively discharge the water in the field during the rainy season, affecting crop planting. Although the Ministry of land and resources and the Ministry of agriculture have jointly issued the notice on improving the management of agricultural land with facilities and the notice on further supporting the healthy development of facility agriculture, it is clear that the construction of agricultural facilities occupies agricultural land without going through the approval procedures for the conversion of agricultural land; it is clear that grain The necessary facilities for large-scale food production, such as grain drying yard, storage yard, drying tower, agricultural machinery and agricultural materials warehouse, are included in the scope of facility agricultural land, but some places are not included in the scope of agricultural land management. The problems of "difficult to store" and "difficult to maintain" are more prominent.
3、 Major tasks and policy suggestions of the 14th five year plan
（1） Major tasks
The major task of Agricultural Mechanization in the 14th five year plan is to implement the document No. 42 issued by the State Council, through "two integration, two adaptation and three innovation", make up for shortcomings, strengths and weaknesses, and promote coordination, so as to promote the transformation of agricultural machinery equipment industry to high-quality development, promote the overall, high-quality and efficient upgrading of agricultural mechanization, and walk out a development path of agricultural mechanization with Chinese characteristics, so as to realize the modernization of agricultural countryside It provides strong support.
Two integration: agricultural machinery and agronomy integration and mechanization information integration. In the aspect of agricultural machinery and agronomy integration, it is emphasized that varieties, farming methods, planting systems, breeding methods, processing, etc. must be "suitable for mechanization". The application of appropriate agricultural machinery technology promotion mode will promote the whole process, develop in an all-round way, and build an efficient mechanized production system. In the aspect of mechanization information integration, it is necessary to apply the information technology such as Internet, Internet of things, big data, mobile communication, intelligent control and satellite positioning to agricultural machinery production, service and