Rice is the main food crop in China, which plays an extremely important role in food production. However, the situation of rice production in China is very serious. In 2019, the area of double season rice, which accounts for one third of the country's rice, is only 140 million mu, 35 million mu less than that in 2012. The reason is: the rice growth and development environment and technical measures are complex, there are many production links, strong seasonality, large amount of labor, high labor intensity, low level of comprehensive mechanization. Especially in the double cropping rice area and rice wheat (oil) rotation area, the season tension is the biggest bottleneck of rice planting; the lack of accumulated temperature in the northeast cold region is also the key to restrict the development of high-quality rice. With the development of social economy, the labor force engaged in agriculture is greatly reduced, the labor cost is higher and higher, the double snatch is also a hot season, the labor environment is poor, and the machine transplanting area is more and more. However, traditional machine transplanting can only cultivate small and medium-sized seedlings because of flat plate seedling raising and large amount of seeding, and the seedlings are intertwined, and the mechanical damage of transplanting is serious, resulting in 5-7 days of slow seedling period after transplanting, extending the growth period of rice by 7-10 days, which is undoubtedly worse for the season tense double season rice. If farmers want to carry out double season rice machine transplanting, they must sacrifice the rice yield And quality, had to use short-term varieties. However, high-quality varieties, especially the best-selling high-quality varieties in the market, tend to have a longer growth period. Although the transplanting technology of rice bowl seedling can solve the above problems to a certain extent, at present, there are almost no mature models to be used in production, the only rice bowl seedling transplanter is expensive, which is not suitable for wide-ranging promotion at present. There are many factors that make the area of direct seeding larger and larger. The only advantage of direct seeding rice is that it saves the seedling raising link and reduces the production cost. However, the time of direct seeding rice occupying the field is long and the variety selection is limited, so only the varieties with short growth period can be selected, or one season in double cropping rice area, which is one of the reasons for the significant reduction of rice planting area. At the same time, the demand for herbicides in direct seeding field is also increasing, which may cause serious rice field pollution and affect rice quality. To sum up, the existing machine transplanting technology only solves the problem of labor cost, and does not solve the problem of production and selection of high-quality varieties. However, the cost of potted seedling transplanting technology is too high, and direct seeding causes great damage to the sustainable use of land. How to ensure the rice has a suitable growth period has gradually become the key to the green, high-yield and efficient production of rice. Therefore, the key to solve the problem of double cropping rice area, rice wheat (oil) rotation area and northeast cold rice area is to develop and popularize the mechanized cultivation and planting technology mode without prolonging rice growth period. In view of the above key problems in rice production, I led the project team of China Agricultural University to research and develop the mechanized cultivation and transplanting technology of rice big bowl blanket seedling. This technology has brought into full play the advantages of high yield and high quality of rice pot seedling cultivation and high efficiency and precision mechanized operation of machine transplanting. The system integrates the key technologies such as big pot blanket seedling raising plate technology, precise positioning seeding technology, comprehensive management technology of seedling period and high-speed mechanical transplanting, which can cultivate strong seedlings in Damiao, effectively extend the suitable time of machine transplanting and reduce the number of seedlings The root system of seedlings was damaged during transplanting, and there was no slow seedling stage after transplanting. The technical system of mechanized seedling raising and transplanting of rice blanket seedling with big bowl was formed, which solved the problem of insufficient growth period caused by rice transplanting in double cropping rice area and cold rice area in Northeast China. A new technology model for rice mechanization was developed. It has important application value. The key point of this technology is how to cultivate the qualified seedlings with both bowl and blanket. The bowl forming and blanket forming of seedlings are contradictory. We have solved this problem from the following aspects to ensure the smooth implementation of transplanting operation. 1. The machine transplanting tray of rice big bowl blanket seedling highlights the technical characteristics of rice bowl seedling, breaks through the technical difficulties of both bowl and blanket forming, innovates the structure of tray, and solves the problem of blanket forming of big bowl blanket seedling under the condition of low seeding rate. A large bowl blanket seedling machine was developed. The tray is used to raise seedlings, which is matched with the existing rice transplanter. On the premise of realizing high-speed transplanting operation, the agricultural technology advantages of large bowl blanket seedling raising are highlighted. 2. The other key link of solving the problem of big bowl blanket seedling that is bowl and blanket under the condition of low seeding rate is that the seed should be accurately seeded in the hole during seedling raising and sowing to ensure that the seed is seeded into each hole without missing the hole. The innovative development of the project is based on the chain transmission technology and the contour size of the seed based on the technology of hole seeding in one rice plate seedling production line. It can complete the operation procedures of tray conveying, bottom soil spreading, precision seeding and soil covering in one time. It has formed a perfect matching with the large bowl blanket seedling tray of rice. It solves the problem of precision seedling cultivation and sowing, and provides high-quality and qualified seedlings for mechanized planting and transplanting of rice blanket seedling with big bowl. 3. The comprehensive management technology of rice big bowl blanket seedling in seedling stage the technology mode of dry seedling must be adopted in rice big bowl blanket seedling raising. The key to realize rice big bowl blanket seedling transplanting is to cultivate qualified seedlings by using the comprehensive management technology of seedling stage. In the selection of seedling raising site, we should choose the loam or clay loam field with high terrain and convenient irrigation and drainage as the seedbed, and pay attention to the coordination of seedbed preparation and setting time. The width of the seedbed depends on the length and width of the seedling, and it is appropriate to put two horizontally or four firmly; the length of the bed depends on the length of the seedling field. A 25-30cm working path shall be left between the beds (the covered bed shall be widened to more than 40cm); a 20cm deep and 20cm wide shallow ditch shall be dug between the beds, and the bed surface shall be leveled and compacted; in order to prevent the root channeling at the bottom of the seedling tray, a layer of non-woven cloth shall be laid on the bed surface. In the water management of seedling stage, it is forbidden to flood irrigation with large amount of water. It is better to spray water and alternate dry and wet conditions in the seedling field, so as to cultivate qualified seedlings with developed roots and healthy and robust roots. Four The key technology of mechanized transplanting and transplanting technology of rice big bowl blanket seedling and matching of rice big bowl blanket seedling machine transplanting seedling tray is to ensure that the number of times of horizontal seedling collection is consistent with the number of holes in the horizontal bowl of the seedling tray; the second is that the seedling conveying device of the seedling box should be consistent with the spacing of the vertical bowl seedling of the seedling tray; the third is that the vertical seedling collection amount should be consistent with the vertical size of the bowl seedling of the seedling tray to ensure the vertical seedling delivery of the seedling box The quantity matches it. At present, there are many transplanters from many manufacturers, which can meet the technical requirements of transplanting rice seedling with big bowl and blanket. The existing transplanter of other models can also meet the technical requirements of rice seedling transplanter with big bowl and blanket by simple technical transformation, avoiding the problem of idle and waste of existing equipment caused by the promotion of new technology. Since 2015, the technology has been tested and popularized in the main rice producing areas of China. At present, it has been applied in Zhangshu, Ruichang, Linchuan, Fengxin, Nanchang, Gao'an, Shanggao, Qianshan, Fuzhou, Miluo and Xiangtan of Hunan Province, Fengyang, Wuhe and Huaibin of Anhui Province in rice wheat rotation area, Dianjiang, Fuling, Banan, Yongchuan and liang of Chongqing in southwest hilly area Ping; and Heilongjiang reclamation area Qixing farm, Chuangye farm, outpost farm, Songyuan, Jilin Province, Panjin, Liaoning Province and other places in the northeast cold rice area have carried out experimental demonstration and promotion work, with an accumulated experimental demonstration area of more than 10000 mu, which is a good solution to the problem of restricting rice growth period and mechanized operation in the above rice areas, and achieved good experimental demonstration effect. It has produced huge economic, social and ecological benefits. The results of the experiment and demonstration show that: compared with the existing tray, the tray structure is innovated by using the blanket seedling transplanter with big bowl seedling, which can not only highlight the technical advantages of the bowl seedling, but also meet the requirements of the transplanter operation. Because of the large bowl body and the sufficient nutrition of the seedling substrate, it can cultivate the strong seedlings with high quality and improve the seedling age. Generally, for double season rice, the seedling age is 25-40 days, which is 5-10 days longer than that of conventional seedling raising, and early seedling raising can meet the requirements of high quality varieties with longer growth period. With high-speed and precise planting and transplanting of rice, the blanket seedling with big bowl body can be accurately and efficiently collected in the hole. After transplanting, the shape of the bowl is obvious, the injury of transplanting is small, and there is no obvious slow seedling stage, which is good for seedling growth. Compared with the conventional transplanting operation, it can strive for a long period of 5-7 days, reflecting the advantages of early growth and rapid development technology of pot seedling cultivation. There are many effective tillers in the low node position of rice, neat panicle type, good maturity, and obvious yield increase effect. This technology has broken through the technical bottleneck that has been restricting the mechanized operation of double cropping rice in China, and solved the technical problems such as the short adaptation period of the traditional mechanical transplanting technology and the large injury of the seedling after transplanting. The comprehensive extension of rice growth period for 10-15 days has created conditions for the selection of high-quality varieties with long growth period, which is crucial for rice areas with tight seasonal connection. Using this technology, because the seedlings are early and fast growing, it can effectively make weeds grow, reduce the incidence of diseases and insect pests, and reduce the application times of herbicides and pesticides 2-3 times per season, which has important social and ecological benefits for reducing agricultural pollution and protecting the environment.
The average data of the national experimental area using this technology shows that compared with the traditional transplanting operation: 1) the application of this technology involves material input such as seedling tray and seedling shed and personnel cost such as seedling field management, and the cost input per mu is increased by about 20-30 yuan. 2) In terms of variety selection, high quality varieties with good quality and long growth period of 10-15 days can be selected, and the market purchase price can be increased by 0.6-1.0 yuan / kg. 3) In terms of increasing yield and income, the rice yield per mu is increased by more than 80kg, with an increase rate of 10-20%. The net benefit per mu is increased by more than 200 yuan, with remarkable social and economic benefits.
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